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- centromere The region on a chromosome responsible for its segregation during MITOSIS or MEIOSIS (see CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE). The centromere is usually at the site of the major chromosomal constriction. Centromeres can be defined and mapped genetically in organisms that make tetrads during meiosis. They accomplish two distinct functions, both of which are essential for accurate chromosome segregation: 1 They are replicated last during chromosome replication and hold SISTER CHROMATIDS together until anaphase onset. 2 They form the functionally significant attachment between a CHROMATID and the MITOTIC SPINDLE. The latter function is associated with a chromosomal specialization that can be identified under the microscope and is called the KINETOCHORE. Kinetochores bind spindle MICROTUBULES. The DNA at the centromere includes sequences that will bind the proteins that make up the kinetochore. In some fungi this is only a few hundred base pairs of DNA, but in most organisms the sequences appear to be longer and rather repetitive. The DNA at and near the centromere is often AT-rich and has a lower buoyant density than the bulk of DNA. As such it often bands in a centrifuge beside the majority and has been called SATELLITE DNA.
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