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- Protein kinase(s) THE protein kinases are enzymes that catalyse PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION by transferring the terminal phosphate from ATP to a side chain of the protein: Protein + ATP Phosphoprotein + ATP Protein phosphorylation is normally a reversible process, but conversion of the phosphoprotein back to the unmodified protein is catalysed by PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES which bring about a distinct reaction, a hydrolysis not involving ATP or ADP. In eukaryotic cells, protein kinases serve at least three general functions: 1 They are the major agencies through which extracellular signal molecules acting at cell-surface RECEPTORS produce their intracellular effects (see CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS; PROTEIN KINASE C; SECOND MESSENGER PATHWAYS). 2 They are the major agencies through which events that occur discontinuously in the CELL CYCLE (e.g. DNA SYNTHESIS; MITOSIS) are initiated and timed. 3 They also seem in some cases to protect the cell against toxic changes in metabolites, a form of stress response (see AMP-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE). The introduction of the negatively charged phosphate group usually causes a marked change in function of the target protein (see PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION).
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